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Practical engineering tools

Check the basic relationships.

Linear signal scaling, mean pipe velocity and cylindrical volume. Each calculation shows its units, formula and assumptions.

You can enter decimals with a comma or a point. Results are calculated in your browser; the values are not submitted.

01 · Process signal

Scale a 4–20 mA signal.

Enter the process values assigned to 4 mA and 20 mA, and the measured current. The calculation converts a linear signal to the engineering unit you specify.

PV = PV₄ + (I − 4) / 16 × (PV₂₀ − PV₄)

Applies to linear scaling. Square-root flow extraction, tank linearisation and other nonlinear characteristics require different processing. The values at 4 mA and 20 mA must differ; reverse ranges are also supported.

Background: WIKA DPT-20, current output adjustment ↗
Range and measured signal
Process value50 %

50 % of signal span

02 · Piping and flow

Mean velocity in a full pipe.

Calculate mean flow velocity from volumetric flow and the actual internal diameter. Use volumetric flow at operating conditions and a completely filled circular cross-section.

v = (Q / 3 600) / [π × (dᵢ / 1 000)² / 4]

Q in m³/h, internal diameter dᵢ in mm, result in m/s. Nominal DN is not necessarily the internal diameter. The calculation excludes pressure loss, flow regime and selection of a suitable velocity.

Background: GF Piping Systems, hydraulic calculation ↗
Flow and pipe size
Zero or a positive value.
A positive value from the pipe dimensions.
Mean velocity1.41471 m/s

Flow: 166.667 l/min

03 · Vessel geometry

Volume of a vertical cylinder.

Calculate geometric volume from the actual internal diameter and liquid height within the vertical cylindrical section of a vessel.

V = π × (dᵢ / 1 000)² / 4 × (h / 1 000)

Dimensions are in mm; results are in m³ and litres. Dished or conical heads, internals, thermal expansion and operating allowance are excluded. This does not calculate permitted working volume or tank strength.

Technologies and design inputs →
Internal cylinder dimensions
A positive value.
Zero or a positive value.
Geometric volume1.1781 m³

1,178.1 litres

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Send your drawings, operating parameters or a short description of the change you need. We will review the technical interfaces and propose the next steps towards a quotation, clarifying any missing information with you.

Discuss your requirements ↗Prepare a technical brief →+420 731 771 147info@emkoproject.cz